Total Cohesion

Challenges facing the humanitarian organization's emergency response in urban areas: Lessons from Haiti and Chile

Facing the challenges for humanitarian agencies in emergency response in urban areas: Lessons from Haiti and Chile

Introduction

1. The first 20 and 19 century, urbanization and the outcome of contributed to industrialization. new employment opportunities in cities have led the mass movement of surplus population away from the campaign. At the same time, immigrants provide cheap labor and abundant for the new facility. The world is experiencing the greatest wave of urban growth in history. In 2008, for the first time in history, more than half the world population live in cities. In 2030, this number will increase to nearly $ 5 million, with urban growth concentrated in Africa and Asia. Although mega-cities have captured public attention, most new growth occurs in small towns and cities that have fewer resources to cope with the scale of change. Urban growth, mainly due to natural growth is inevitable. In principle, cities offer a better framework solving social and environmental problems in rural areas. Cities generate employment and income. With good governance, which can provide education, care health and other services more effectively than less densely populated areas simply because of their advantages of scale and proximity. However, the speed and size growth are not fixed and vary considerably between regions.

Migration is an important factor in the development that people move in search of social and economic opportunities. According to the report of the Bank's flagship 2010 World Development, has said that "half the population lives in cities, proportion will rise to 70 percent by 2050, "said World Bank report, citing statistics of the United Nations Fund for Population." The Urban population growth (5 million new residents a month), 95 percent will be in developing world, with the rapid growth of small cities. "Environmental degradation and conflict can lead people of the earth. Often, people who abandon campaign to find a better life in the city have no choice but to settle in shanty towns and slums, where they lack access to adequate housing and sanitation, health and education. The most densely populated and most diverse community is most pronounced characteristics may be associated with urbanism. Urban low income per capita causes and promotes instability urban violence, politics, crime and aggressive behavior. Rapid population growth is also responsible for poverty in urban areas. Another major problem is created by this social problem is the breakdown of traditional family structure. Our cities, especially in three Third World countries are not working well. Sanitation, safety, transportation, housing, education and even electricity is not. Therefore, these urban areas are more vulnerable to disasters because of its weak structure and poor service quality of public services. In peacetime, because of displacement often in an urban environment makes it difficult for humanitarian agencies to assign the group of people vulnerable as part of risk reduction in urban areas. Most of the efforts and humanitarian aid have focused on rural development needs rather than of the urban poor. Approximately 810 million people already living in slums, tenure combat overcrowding, insecurity, landslides, floods, lack of sanitation, inadequate housing, inadequate nutrition and poor health. In addition to preparing for earthquakes of land in urban areas, humanitarian agencies have not focused on emergency response in urban areas, with special attention. recent earthquake in Chile and Haiti's weak point and the new challenges faced by humanitarian agencies emergency response.

In our country, the Government of Bangladesh created the Department of Food and Disaster Management (MoFDM) as a national focal point for the Bangladesh disaster management. Manages disasters through its three agencies: the Office of Disaster Management (DMB), Department of Relief and Rehabilitation (DRR) and the Directorate General of Food. As part of disaster management plan of the Government of Bangladesh could start the draft law on disaster management. And about the urban areas of the city's primary care or government of Bangladesh in the earthquake. Research and development of contingency plans are based primarily in structural terms, as the collapse of buildings and traffic systems, etc. as recovery and less emphasis on non-structural side. Are the effects physiological population, complexity, politics, violence and crime, social cohesion and fluidity of people. So you have to develop contingency plans in urban areas and its legal framework. Act professionally and in stage emergency response to meet these challenges we had learned in Haiti and the earthquake in Chile.

This study aims mainly the root causes of these challenges faced by humanitarian agencies for emergency response in Haiti and Chile. And dealing with that focus in detail with the help of secondary data. In this article, Haiti and Chile as a case study of the earthquake and attempts to draw lessons which may be applicable in Dhaka or Chittagong disaster management. And remove the limitation of the legal framework and a plan for disaster management in urban areas by GOB practical solutions. The limitation of the document itself is the lack of primary data by lack of time.

Urbanization and their causes

2. Urbanización For a more technical definition is given by the United Nations as "the estate with moving people from rural to urban areas as a result of population growth which is equal to urban migration. "The urbanization process are largely extent influenced by government development policies and budget allocations, which often favor urban to rural areas, tend to make people in areas urban. In cities, public investment, which often lack the urban poor, spending skewed towards higher income classes and poverty among vulnerable groups such as resistance to new immigrants in poor neighborhoods and slums. Urbanization can occur for the following reasons.

2 .1 Urban economic reasons offered better job opportunities and wages in rural areas due to the agglomeration of industries and services (activities economic primary and secondary). On the other hand, the structure of the rural economy is declining due to a variety of reasons, including: massive river erosion in rural areas (in Bangladesh), the fragmentation of farming, crops irregular and insufficient monsoon, etc.

2.2 Mobility When the head space is the family of employees in any organization in the urban area is considered in many cases their families accompany them. So this is reflected in the movement to urban areas.

2.3 Education The grounds of the institutions of quality education courses above are mainly in urban areas. Therefore, the educational results in migration to urban areas. Although on the surface appears to be temporary, but after education of people do not want to return to the villages and settled in urban areas of lucrative employment opportunities they offer. Therefore, migration time is a permanent position.

2.4 Investing urbanization When the growth of the cities surrounding rural areas are poorly integrated into the urban area and form a local phenomenon. Thus, if there is no absolute migration from rural to urban areas there is still a case of urbanization.

2.5 In search of a better life for inhabitants of rural areas have migrated to urban areas of better life and take advantage of urban facilities, such as better health care supply, sanitation and nutrition, reducing mortality rates and Because of growing population. In many developing countries, is mostly rural poverty that makes people zone rural people seeking employment, food, housing and education.

Risks in urban areas

3. Urbanization is a process and as another process has also some side effects. The first urbanization process began with the Industrial Revolution and, later, the urbanization rate has increased beyond its sustainable capacity in particular Asia, Africa and Latin America followed. And the process became the urban sprawl and creates certain dangers. These risks may also be classified as follows, for example

(R) technology risks

(Ii) natural hazards

(III)-induced natural hazards

Most of the population because of migration has a negative impact on urban development and create pressure on its infrastructure such as transportation, law and public order, education and health institutions. This unexpected migrant people create enormous pressure on land, water and line-of-life urban areas. Most major metropolitan areas face increasing problems of the urban crisis, the loss of natural vegetation and open spaces and a general decline in the extent and connectivity of wetland habitats for wildlife. The population grew creates enormous pressure on the demand and consumption water. It becomes a challenge for drinking water, especially in urban areas. Overuse of groundwater level soil moisture becomes smaller each year and creates the possibility landslides in urban areas. The drains and sewers collapsed due to heavy rains and poor network system. Every day 30,000 people die from diseases preventable and water hygiene and children are more susceptible to waterborne diseases. The urbanization process allows residents to have easy access health care and the right medicine. However, uncontrolled urbanization raises the health risks of air pollution, sound, and water and crime and lifestyle. Urbanization has often had unintended consequences such as psychosocial stress, alienation, instability and insecurity, which in turn led to problems such as depression and alcohol and drug abuse. The most densely populated and more heterogeneous a community is most pronounced characteristics may be associated with urbanism. Urban low income per capita causes and promotes urban violence, political instability, crime and aggressive behavior. Rapid population growth in urban areas is also responsible for poverty. Another major problem is created by this social problem is the breakdown of the structure traditional family.

Social characteristics of urban areas

4. Industrialisation and changes caused mass migration from rural to urban areas. In third world countries lack of good governance in rural areas and government policies based on urban development lead people in rural areas. Therefore, migration has taken place throughout the country and welcome them in urban areas. For example, as part of the old city of Dhaka, the sooner the locals (called "Dhakia") mainly lived there, but migration from around the corner the country that the community of old Dhaka as a heterogeneous environment. And as a result of the community has some specific features as:

4.1 The mixed culture is a diverse community comprised of mixed culture that creates a lack of understanding and social cohesion between different groups people in a community. This community of people living in a small place, but cooperation between them. These attributes, such as cooperation and cohesion very common in rural life, but rare in urban areas. Thus, in times of disaster, urban feel lonely and suffering from depression due to lack of cooperation between their communities.

4.2 inequality inequality efficient economy in urban areas a common phenomena, especially in the 3rd world country. It was found that the rich are less in the community to take up land and property areas urban areas where, as a larger group of low-income group and means for maintaining the amounts of land and property. Economic situation automatically designated the exact location of the rich and the poor in urban areas. But now a days the rapid migration to urban areas brings slums and slum neighborhoods rich.

4.3 Policies accessibility People living in slums or shanty towns were granted limited access to beach policy. These people are not floating any representative who can speak out to demand. Inaccessibility in the political arena and there is no representative has made this most vulnerable group and create more depressed and isolated from the mainstream of urban development. On the other hand, the wealthy class has had full access to political power assured that all facilities in its urban life. Therefore, this difference creates instability and anxiety in urban areas of society.

4.4 Differences in the aggressive attitude of the economic situation, the inaccessibility political power and urban infrastructure (public services as water, electricity and sanitation), educational institution, created aggressive behavior among vulnerable groups of society. Thus, the existence of life of people poor living in slums or shanty towns that are involved with smuggling and trafficking of drugs and crime and violence in urban areas.

The complexity of urban disaster management

5. In the current world's population now in urban areas especially in the 3 countries of the Third World more than at any time. Urban areas are now facing difficulties in providing urban services report to the people and creating urbanization control. Uncontrolled urbanization now exposed to a certain complexity that can be common to urban areas than in rural areas. Because of this complexity, humanitarian agencies facing difficulties, particularly in urban areas in emergency situations. These complexities are:

5.1 political complexity in urban areas, many political leaders and their gangs and organizations in addition to religion and community, etc. The center of the formal and informal powers were trying to influence the distribution of humanitarian relief agencies trying to co-opt and capitalize on their efforts for their own political benefit. Sometimes we find local politicians involved in relief distribution campaign in urban areas than in rural areas to achieve their political strength in the village. And disturbances people distributing relief and, in general, so they are all awaiting the arrival time for the political leader in the distribution point.

5.2 Frequent travel in urban areas for survival, all the people living in slums or shanty towns, which often migrate to the periphery of urban areas themselves. But it creates difficulties for humanitarian agencies for their estimation and analysis of the damage assessment of a particular place to identify vulnerable groups of society. frequent movement vulnerable groups each year, making it difficult to make an emergency plan and proper management during an emergency who had an attack of urban areas.

5.3 The social cohesion, urban areas have received many communities in areas urban and community has been a lack of cohesion and cooperation among them. They even have a lack of confidence and sometimes hostile attitude. Therefore, this community creates more obstacles in disaster management. Their demands are very varied in the same community because of its mixed culture and different lifestyle. Aid agencies can face many difficulties in meeting your requirements.

5.4 In perceptive psychological rural community is almost the same style, their culture, food and beliefs. In rural areas the culture of the community of life is usually the local culture. For this reason in rural areas including Community life is the same kind of psychological expression. In the case of urban areas, people with different cultures and lifestyles. It has been found in a particular urban area, there may be a number of people or communities in different rural areas with different types of cultures. Therefore, it generates different types of applications and psychological effects. During disasters, these different types of people from different cultures may explain the different types of emotional expression and post-trauma disasters that may affect the management of disasters in urban areas.

5.5 Security of the security agencies humanitarian aid agencies is more difficult, especially when ease distribution in slums or favelas. Because the people of this village are violent crimes and mounted that the rural areas. The recent looting and violence, Haiti and Chile after the earthquake are the best example.

5.6 Earhtquake looting looting after the current situation and the worst in urban areas, especially after an earthquake and the national grid failure long. This looting was the rarest and the attitude of the criminal society.Social psychologists agree that looting is a behavior criminal, and it is natural when police disappear.They distinguish different types of looting, including:

(I) Pillage the goods necessary for survival

(Ii) sound opportunistic theft, such as televisions

(Iii) collective action, conditioned by the political environment

Dr Jason Nier, an expert in social psychology professor at the University of Connecticut, explains this behavior with a theory he calls the psychology "looting."

This theory is based in part on the phenomenon of "group dynamics." People will do things in a group that never can be implemented by your account, such as theft and breaking into shops and private homes. Another related concept is "deindividuation" which is the concept that people can return in a kind of Orwellian "groupthink", allowing them to behave in a manner that violates social norms. Joining a group can alleviate feelings of responsibility personal and perhaps bring out the basest instincts of our people. Most compassionate people are likely to forgive the looting of basic needs as water, food and clothing because sometimes the government can do fast enough to help their citizens. But it is the theft of luxury items that most concern forces and realize that anarchy can only be a result of natural disasters.

5.7 The violence and crime Rapid migration to urban areas has urbanization as a process of uncontrolled violence breeds crime and urban areas. According Wayne Cornelius, three proposals were in the middle:

(1) The rural-urban migration generates economic frustration among migrant populations. Massive arrival of immigrants can not be met by public or private. Educational expectations are thwarted, and the proximity of conspicuous consumption by the elite immigrants aware of their marginal role in society. Migrants therefore gain experience of relative deprivation, which increases their propensity to engage in radical political activity.

(2) immigrants have difficulty adjusting socially and psychologically for the urban environment. cultural conflicts and disruption of lifestyle and customs passed causing personal identity crisis, increasing the chances of breaking the main group. Traditional social controls on deviant behavior therefore weakened. In addition, migrants seeking to enter into new groups for protection, are classified into a phase that is likely to be recruited by extremist political movements.

(3) rural-urban migration, increasing political awareness and mobilization of the radical opposition go hand in hand. The urban environment provides a high level social communication and intense product competition between different interest groups. Organized political activity is clear, helping to politicize and encourages migrants the participation of mass political action. These factors result in supporting migrants to opposition political parties and protest movements aggressively.

5.8 Design of uncontrolled urban areas, occurred mainly in urban areas in developing countries has a huge infrastructure contingencies. And wastes become enormous in the event of an earthquake. Causes land use in urban areas to fill the lowlands that is used as deposits surface water. Once again the enormous population pressure caused the groundwater level below that causes a problem to manage the drinking water source during the emergency phase in urban areas. The streets were not provided, inadequate roads and the airport also cause a major obstacle in an emergency, especially during the earthquake.

5.9 The absence of good governance and public accountability of the lack of good governance and accountability public company can not guarantee a sustainable urban solid plan and disaster management. Urban sustainable enterprise lacks the capacity to reduce vulnerability and cause enormous damage lives and property in case of disaster.

Lessons from Haiti and the earthquake in Chile

6. He said: "The wise man has learned from the mistakes of others." So all the disasters in this land is a field request for others to learn from mistakes are the cause of the disaster. The recent earthquake in Chile and Haiti shows that many problems faced by humanitarian agencies during emergencies.

Haiti Earthquake

6.1 On January 12, 2010, just before 17:00, an earthquake measuring 7.3 on the Richter scale shook Haiti over 35 seconds. It was the strongest earthquake hit the country in 200 years. The earthquake has created an unprecedented situation, which affects most populous country in the region and economic and administrative center. About 1.5 million people, representing 15% of the population, were directly affected. More than 220,000 people have died and over 300,000 injured. There was massive destruction of infrastructure. About 105,000 homes have been completely destroyed and damaged more than 208,000. More than 1,300 schools and more than 50 hospitals and health centers have collapsed or are unusable. Part of the country's main port is not operating. The President Palace, Parliament the Palace of Justice, and the majority of prosecutors and administrative buildings were destroyed. After the earthquake in Haiti after the problems arise that does the job humanitarian agencies more difficult in the emergency phase.

6.1.1 The political complexity recent earthquake in Haiti capital, Port au Prince, aid agencies were facing problems in the distribution of material aid assistance. In the city there many political leaders and their gangs and added to the churches and community organizations, etc. This center formal and informal personal skills to influence the distribution of humanitarian relief agencies trying to co-opt and capitalize on their efforts in their own political benefit.

6.1.2 Law and the order of the government structure and order disappeared in the days after the earthquake. But on the ground some Haitians have tried to fill the power vacuum and put implement its own self-help operations, encouraged by Radio Metropole City, who urged the committees of neighboring residents organized to avoid chaos and prevent people looting shops and houses. "The security situation has worsened as the fall of Port-au-Prince's main prison of 4,000 inmates with no escape. Humanitaraian agencies could not distribute numerous elevated parts of the city for safety reasons that the law and the Haitian police force is fully diapperad few days. And frastrated Haitian people participate in the looting and crime almost everywhere. Even in Chile is also difficult to maintain order after the powerful earthquake. The curfew was extended when troops struggling to contain outbreaks of looting after the earthquake. Dozens were arrested after fighting in the property and the burning of a store. This has led many law-abiding citizens to arm themselves and take to the streets to protect their businesses and homes. On March 1, 2010, police used tear gas against crowd from looters, and the design of the Province Governor informed that 55 people were detained overnight for violating the law.

6.1.3 Failure water before the earthquake, most people in the Haitian capital, Port au Prince was mainly depended on water from a huge reservoir natural underground delivered by truckers. However, many drivers are frightened to deliver supplies, after a number of them were attacked while traveling by the city after the earthquake. Water shortage remains a major problem. People were walking the streets with empty plastic bottles to collect water pipe broken, and gutters. dried supplies the city after the collapse of the municipal sewer system. In fact, urban areas had large infrastructure facilities to supply water to serve hundreds of thousands of city dwellers. Thus, when the system collapsed because of a disaster, it becomes increasingly difficult for humanitarian agencies to provide this huge amount of potable water to affected populations Haitian capital, Port-au-Prince.

6.1.4 Fluency population emigrated in the Haitian capital of Port au Prince was not stable at all times. Aid workers who worked at Oxfam, said: "When try to identify the "beneficiaries" in the slums after a previous flood disaster Haiti, the faces are different, the next time re-distribute emergency aid. "So, during the emergency phase intervention of humanitarian organizations face difficulties in distributing of relief materials.

6.1.5 Good governance and public accountability, the country enjoys political stability in a context of socio-political fragility. The President has no parliamentary majority. There were few legislative achievements. The Assembly and the third part of Senate shall be renewed on 28 February 2010. bases of political parties was low. The Provisional Electoral Council (CEP) was examined by the majority of parliamentarians and political parties that are aligned with management. Civil society has been fragmented and their impact on low politics. constitutional institutions of 1987 had never been fully implemented. Consequently, other government institutions are not feasible before the earthquake. Environmental laws are not trained and put in place. They have no No plan for disaster management to cope with disaster by themselves. Due to the lack of order in land ownership system. The non-application of the provisions Act of May 29, 1963 had led to growth and urban sprawl at the expense of agricultural land. Thus, the Haitian capital of the area of Port-au-Prince becomes unplanned and uncontrolled urban.

Chile Earthquake

6.2 The February 27, 2010, approximately at 03:35 local time, a magnitude 8.8 earthquake hit the country Chile. The epicenter was located 63 kilometers south of Cauquenes in the Maule Region (406 km south of Santiago). Consequently, the tsunami that hit the coastal strip a product of more than 500 km. There have been over 128 aftershocks causing great damage throughout the region. Reports indicate more than 700 dead. About 1.5 million people were affected and thousands have lost their homes and livelihoods.

6.2.1 Exposed the gulf in Chile earthquake damage comparison to the full extent and intensity of Chile has suffered less than Haiti. But considering harm Concepción, the second largest city in Chile has only highlighted the gap in urban areas. After the earthquake, the Chilean government later to send relief supplies to affected areas in time. Leading the overall mass looting of the essential elements of supermarkets and is given by the media Chileans as "looting" in Concepcion and other cities. The speed with which the government sent troops to occupy Conception and recovery of stolen items contrast to the repeated delays in the delivery of relief material. Face of widespread dissatisfaction, the massive use of troops along with a hysterical media campaign against "looting" was to suppress social unrest and polarization of public opinion against the very victims of the earthquake.

6.2.2 The social fault lines of social fracture line exposed by the earthquake have been deepened by decades of "free market" policies, first implemented by the Pinochet dictatorship and subsequent regimes pursued by that exacerbated the gap between the elite of Chile's most of the population. Despite the rhetoric in the U.S. media stringent building codes, regulations designed to protect against earthquakes is applied selectively and on a class basis, ie for homes and businesses of the rich, not for homes and neighborhoods of the working class and poor. shoddily built houses for the poor have collapsed or were swept away by the sea, while the rich withstood the quake's impact.

6.2.3 Good governance and accountability Public Accounts survey by the newspaper El Mercurio of Santiago revealed a growing anger among the population. Sixty percent Chileans have been criticizing the government's response. Sixty-six percent of companies in building construction practices because of poor quality. Despite a intensive media campaign to demonize the so-called "looters", 26 percent of respondents believe that is justified under the circumstances. All A Throughout the week, the capitalist media, inside and outside of Chile, gave exaggerated accounts of looting and vandalism sentence in most cases, acts working families desperate and hungry. Finally anger mounts in Chile during the failure and indifference that characterized the government's response to the earthquake.

The way out

7. The emergency response in urban areas is critical in nature areas rural. Migration caused overcrowding in cities. For example, in the city of Dhaka, arrival lakhs every five years adding to the urban population and rate of return is much lower than the arrival rate. This migration process has made the city grows in a way not planned. Consequently, the whole city almost becomes a vulnerable place for everyone. In many ways, cities are monsters of self-feeding, the perpetuation of their own growth in some selected regions of devouring the resources of the country. Dhaka controls may be about 70% of the country's money supply. Capital investment in the country, over 60 percent is invested in Dhaka and Chittagong. Most from other cities and vast countryside still shamelessly neglected. These frustrations can easily urban conditions, which can lead to social violence and for a disaster, can have terrible effects on the system of disaster management General. It is clear to all that causes the migration of unplanned urbanization. And urbanization uncontrolled causes other related issues such as socio-economic problem, the creation of slums and shantytowns of the city and damage the whole urban system. And the solution we need to stop the unexpected migration to urban areas or cities. The government must change its development policies and strengthen the system of government local levels to stem the migration.

7.1 The gaps in planning, policy and framework Challenges Legal facing humanitarian organizations in Haiti and Chile during the emergency response. The reason this is the result of urban sprawl and lack of good government. In Dhaka, we can meet the challenges, even if we change the following shortcomings in government policy, planning and sound legal framework for it.

7.1.1 Development policies Surprisingly, previous governments in the past two decades just taken steps to establish centers of growth beyond the city limits. In many respects, cities are monsters of self-feeding, the perpetuation of its own growth in selected regions of the country to devour resources. Dhaka controls may be about 70% of the country's money supply. Capital investment in the country, over 60 percent is invested in Dhaka and Chittagong. Most other cities and vast countryside still shamelessly neglected. This discrimination, even after the construction of Jamuna Bridge, connecting Dhaka and Chittagong to the north of Bengal, continues to create a great imbalance in the generation of income districts. This kind of pathetic neglect has given rise to tensions and mounting dissatisfaction tend to be works damn well done in some selected areas. Ultimately, this exodus to the cities relentlessly almost can not stop, even with drastic measures, due to the condition surrounding rural populations remain largely neglected.
Dr. Sarwar Jahan, professor and director of the URP, Buettner, in a recent interview with Prothom Alo, stressed the need to stop migration to the city Dhaka city to save the all-pervasive poverty and chaos. This can be achieved through the implementation of the "one house, one farm" policy in rural Bangladesh.

7.1.2 Strengthening the system of government formation local Bangladesh (BDG) should strengthen the constitution to introduce the system of local governance in rural areas. Upazilla Chairman should having given all the authority and the executive branch to develop their fields. He should be punished with a good amount of money from development funds for their community. This will create more sustainable jobs and opportunities in rural areas. He has a great impact to stop the migration to urban areas.

7.1.3 The urbanization When the migration process is controlled under control, which allows the government to move a planned urban city. However, it requires function coordinated among all departments and government agencies are responsible for the development of the city. But now special bodies for urban development, which are involved in Dhaka Rajdhani Unnayan are Kartripakhya (RAJUK), Dhaka Water and Sewerage (DWASA), the Authority Dhaka Electric Supply (DESA), the Police Dhaka Metropolitan (DMP) and the Cantonment Board (CB) at the time, I do not take the coordination between them. Therefore, it will be difficult during this disaster that coordination between them. Rajdhani Unnayan the Kartripakhya (RAJUK) for Dhaka city is working on planning and development. But he could not play a role important because of corruption and negligence in management. Singapore welcomed the cleaning has been achieved through effective administrative action. To throw a cigarette butt or chewing gum on the street is invited to a heavy fine. We have the right, but not approach.

An environment 7.1.4 Political Stability democratic politics, which can accelerate the development of the urban area itself, must be established by the government. Good governance and accountability of individuals tools makes all the active powers of public officials and their duties. The government should be better coordination among NGOs and other humanitarian agencies on disaster management issues. The government must ensure that no political interference hinders the activities of humanitarian agencies during the emergency response in urban areas.

7.1.5 Decentralization of DM control structures and management system disaster, mainly through control of the National Disaster Management (NDMC), headed by the Prime Minister office support disaster management (DMB). All supporting elements and members of the Board was established in the capital, Dhaka. Apart from the AFD, which included his 3 Defence Force who are deployed in several locations across the country with a decentralized system of them in terms of men and equipment. If an earthquake occurs on Earth Dhaka city, the management system disasters will be crushed, while the control system of all governments are in place. For example, in the Pakistan earthquake on 8 October 2005 Kashmir administered by Pakistan (Pak) causes enormous damage to life and property. The government official responsible for disaster management could not be found because many of them killed or wounded. In the same province had 10,000 military personnel dead, although it has not affected that much of the defense force. In the short time Garrido other military personnel took control and responsibility of these affected areas. Therefore, the government should decentralize control elements and the support system disaster management through the adoption of a note by the Dhaka and other cities are in the quake zone.

7.1.6 Coordination between policies and the departments of Dhaka city water depends mainly on groundwater and declining water level in each year. The water policy of the Government of Bangladesh has banned the use of groundwater and advised that depend on surface water, but in urban areas is not followed by other Government agencies are responsible for all procurement of water. Moreover, real estate companies are full every available surface water reservoirs and the lowlands in the name of development of the city. And so there will be a huge shortage of drinking water before the loss occurred or for emergency response as well. So the government should ensure coordination between the department and all agencies to maintain policies.

7.2 Coordination between government and humanitarian agencies, the government should coordinate with NGOs to choose the places and relief goods for distribution emergency phase in urban areas. When roads and airports in the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince was destroyed humanitarian agencies and UN agencies have begun to drop relief supplies in several places. But he could not meet the local demand of the people and unexpected. Therefore, NGOs need to link emergency plan with the government in urban areas drop relief supplies in front of the officials designated in advance.

7.3 The coordination between military and humanitarian agencies Military institutions place a high value on the command and control, hierarchical structures from top to bottom and clear lines of authority, discipline and accountability. Place a high value logistics and resources are devoted to the acquisition of assets and staff training to ensure they can operate independently in the most adverse circumstances. The military approach to solve the problem is usually Policy and enforcement. Humanitarian organizations are less hierarchical and more participatory style of decision making and military operations. They are more attentive to the process by which it operates, in part because they give more importance to the long-term effects, but have fewer backup resources and engage in less number of emergency planning to ensure that the short term can be met quickly. Thus, the short-term military approach, not to participate is often a source of tension with civilian agencies involved in similar activities reported by the study of development. So to solve this problem, the government should organize a group of urban demonstration or organize seminars to understand and find a better solution for the Joint Task method during the emergency phase.

7.4 A focus on improving social cohesion in diverse communities areas urban areas to share their opinions and ideas and to strengthen cooperation between them. This can be done through government agencies like the Department of Welfare NGO sector social area. The print and electronic media can play a vital role in this issue. Members of civil society can play its important role in strengthening unity among the various communities.

7.5 The need to network for disaster management in urban areas in the emergency phase Dhaka city is a place for rich and poor. This city is mixed to the different categories of people based on their culture and economic situation. During disasters, found in people with less urban areas of cooperation in rural areas. And this lack of cooperation and cohesion to create more difficulties in situations disaster. To minimize this problem, such as the urban area of Dhaka city in a network need to be connected to the same line? This can be made sui-

(1) Education policy needs to change and should be similar for all groups.

(2) Form the primary level, children must have learned the necessity of cooperation and cohesion during the disaster.

(3) The community must be prepared a program where you can share and change their views.

(4) The religious center and a respected person in society as imam, priest, religion and other political leaders or teachers must play a role in making a network between all people understand the need for unity.

(5) Modern technology, such as local radio in urban areas can play a key role in the organization of disaster-related interviews with people from different class and occupation. Organization of cultural groups in the program population living in urban society itself. The local radio station may also play a vital role in the Kingdom to all people of different classes during the disaster and give advice on necessary and don'ts. For example, when the Haitian government structure and order in Haiti, but all have disappeared in the days after earthquake. But in the field of Haitians have tried to fill the power vacuum and put their own self-help operations, encouraged by Radio Metropole in the city who urged the House: "The neighborhood groups organized to avoid chaos and prevent people from looting shops and houses"

(6) the media print and can play a vital role in the same way

(7) The sector of communication such as landline or cell phone company can improve knowledge of the urban population on its own responsibility and of their rights by the government.

Conclusion

8. The process of urbanization is increasing rapidly due to the revaluation of industrialization. But he proved that the process due to uncontrolled development policies harm the government. Therefore, it creates many problems in urban areas and during a disaster, it becomes an obstacle important for humanitarian agencies. The challenges facing humanitarian emergencies during the intervention phase in urban areas are not common in rural areas. Y migration is one of the causes of these difficulties. The absence Rural Development encourages people to move to urban areas. The local government system is still not powerful enough to implement a development process with the budget allocation for poor rural development.

The government of Bangladesh has formulated a viable plan for managing national disaster at the level of local government until marriage. But this plan requires coordination among different ministries massive and with NGOs and humanitarian agencies. In addition, the government has a strong constitution to improve the local capacity of local government that also includes urban areas. Lessons learned from recent earthquakes in Chile and Haiti is the image of a real disaster in urban areas where aid agencies face many challenges in the emergency response phase. This lesson can learn from us, because we have almost the same scenario as Dhaka and Chittagong city. Thus minimizing the difficulties of humanitarian agencies and for the people, policies government must be corrected and the mass must be established in various government departments and NGOs. Assistance and the social elements Modern technology should be applied to create an urban network to strengthen cooperation and cohesion between different groups of people.

About the Author

The Author is a military professional (Major) and presently serving under Bangladesh Army, he had an experience on emergency response operations during natural disaster. He also serves under UN peacekeeping mission in CONGO (DRC). He is studing Masters Degree on Disaster Management from BRAC University a renowned NGO based University in Bangladesh.

Sothys Total Cohesion Satin Cream 1.7oz Sothys Total Cohesion Satin Cream 1.7oz Emulsion with Mamaku extract to re-densify the skin and restore elasticity. …